A ventilator is used during and sometimes after surgery when general anesthesia is given. Anesthesia causes sleep and relaxation during surgery. A ventilator helps the person to continue to breathe during surgery.
A ventilator can also be used if the person has a condition that affects normal breathing. Common diseases and conditions that can affect breathing include the following:
Pneumonia and other lung infections
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and upper spinal cord injuries
Plush toys are toys made of plush fabric and pp cotton or other textile materials as the main fabric, and filled with various fillers inside. It has the characteristics of cute shape, soft touch, no fear of squeezing, easy to clean, strong decoration, high safety, and wide application to the crowd. Therefore, plush toys are good choices for children’s dolls, room decorations or as gifts.
The main testing items of plush toys:
Soluble heavy metal content test, flammability test, chemical test, toxic element test of packaging materials, phthalate content, formaldehyde, plasticizer, azo, toy plastic test, toy coating test, toy accessory test, Lead etc.
Test standards for plush toys in countries around the world:
China-national standard GB 6675;
Europe-EN71 for toy products, EN62115 for electronic toy products, EMC, REACH regulations;
In order to cope with the sudden outbreak of coronavirus 2019, in addition to our side, all countries have also taken emergency measures. However, some countries are making a mountain out of a molehill, which has been criticized by the world health organization. Although a friend indeed can be seen in adversity, it is also a mirror through which one can see clearly the true face of many countries. At a critical moment, India disobeyed the advice of the world health organization to repatriate its citizens in China, and then suddenly banned the export of masks. Then on February 1st, the Indian government announced yet again that it would raise import tariffs on electronics, toys and furniture, in an effort to boost domestic manufacturing.
Kotak, India’s largest cotton exporter, said it would stop exporting cotton to China after Chinese ports and Banks delayed operations due to the outbreak, chinanews reported. It is understood that the cotton giant will seek other overseas buyers in the international market, such as Bangladesh, Indonesia and Vietnam, to fill the position vacated by Chinese buyers.
China, one of the world’s largest importers of cotton, is also the biggest buyer of Indian cotton, importing more than 200,000 tonnes a year. Figures show that India has shipped a total of 600,000 to 700,000 bales of cotton (about 170kg/bales) to China so far this year, of which 75% is in transit. Indian exporters had expected to ship another 300, 000 bales by the end of February, but that target is unlikely to be met.
Whether temporarily halting cotton exports to China or, in critical cases, banning the export of face masks, India’s current economic and trade measures are not surprising. At the end of 2019, when the world’s 15 economies thought that seven years of talks could be brought to a successful conclusion, India decided at the last minute to “skip” the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP).
According to people familiar with the matter, India decided not to participate because of concerns that after joining RCEP, goods from countries such as China and Australia would flood the country’s market, hurting Indian industry. But experts in international trade and economics point out that India’s falling behind is not only a loss for itself, but also an “incomplete” outcome for the RCEP, which will lose a fifth of its economy and reduce the economic benefits to member states.
It is worth mentioning that in recent years, on the grounds of “protecting local industries”, India has also set up many obstacles to products originated from China. In the middle of last month, it was revealed that India was planning to charge extra for imported solar cells and modules, of which China is the biggest supplier. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of last year, India had imposed additional charges on 93 Chinese goods.
Japanese media reported on November 22 that economic relations between Japan and South Korea are cooling.Japan’s exports to South Korea in October showed double-digit negative growth in a number of sectors, including chemicals and general machinery, the report said. Imports from South Korea fell 12 percent, the 10th straight month of decline.
“The move is to properly manage trade in goods and technology that could be diverted to the military,” the report said, stressing that it was in no way in violation of WTO agreements. South Korea called the measure “arbitrarily discriminatory” and demanded it be reversed. During the negotiations, the two sides did not discuss the abandonment of the military intelligence protection agreement (GSOMIA), which expired on the 23rd.
In future, the report said, South Korea could ask Japan for a third round of consultations, or for the WTO to set up a dispute settlement panel, the equivalent of a first instance. At the press conference after the consultation between Japan and South Korea, ding haiguan said on the establishment of the expert group, “is an option.” On that basis, it said, “if there is a possibility to resolve the issue, consultations will continue, but we do not wish to discuss it for the sake of discussion.”
According to the website of nihon keizai shimbun, the trade rivalry between Japan and South Korea is likely to become permanent
Japanese media: in the block chain sector, the number of Chinese patent applications is three times that of the us.
Japanese media have reported that Chinese companies have filed three times as many patents as the us in “blockchain”, the core technology alongside artificial intelligence. Blockchain will continue to be applied to core infrastructure such as digital currency and logistics. If they take the lead in this area, they are likely to gain an edge in new services and international financial markets. By country, the us-china pattern is clear.
Based on the cumulative number of applicants’ country observations, China has about 7,600 applications, accounting for more than 60% of the total and three times as many as the United States (about 2,600). In terms of years, the U.S. overtook China as of 2015, but has reversed since 2016. Japan ranked fourth, with a total of about 380 as of 2018, less than South Korea (about 1,150). In recent years, the use of blockchain is expanding. The development of new production and logistics management to improve food safety and new education systems to complement learning experiences is expected. Blockchain has also received attention as a core technology in digital currencies prepared by the central Banks of China and Sweden, the report said.
1. The arrangement of the cloth to be cut must be put on the cutting bed by the method of one and one back, the hair direction must be consistent;
2. The number of cut plush layers shall not exceed 8, T/C cloth, nylon cloth, electronic velvet, woolen cloth and other thin fabrics shall not exceed 36 layers;
3. Check whether the cutting piece is consistent with the cutting plate and whether there is any error between the top layer and the bottom layer of the cutting piece.
4. The color of the cutting is not allowed to have chromatic aberration, must be consistent with the signature. No discoloration may occur during the friction and wash test;
5. The cloth that has white edge, when cutting a bed, pay attention not to put white edge in, every cut piece has white edge should regard as unqualified product.
2>. Seam inspection:
1. Seam stop shall be no less than 3/16 “for small toys not less than 1/8”;
2. When sewing, the two pieces of cloth must be aligned and the stop should be even. Different widths and widths are not allowed. (especially circular and radian cutting seams and face sewing);
3. Stitch spacing should be no less than 9 stitches per inch;
4. There must be a return pin at the end of the seam;
5. Thread for sewing must meet tension requirements (see QA test method above) and use the correct color.
6. In the seam, the lathe worker must use a clip to pull the plush into the seam, to avoid the formation of bald belt;
7. The sewing on the cloth mark, first of all should check whether the cloth mark is correct, do not allow the text on the cloth mark, letters into the car. Cloth marks can not wrinkle, the position can not be reversed;
3.> Manual quality inspection :(inspection of finished products shall be conducted according to manual quality standards)
Handwork is the key process of toy production, and it is the transition stage from semi-finished products to finished products, which determines the image and quality of toys. Quality inspectors at all levels must strictly follow the following requirements for inspection.
A. Check whether the eyes used are correct and whether the quality of the eyes conforms to the standard. Any eyes with flecks, blisters, defects or scratches are unqualified products and cannot be used;
B. Check whether the eye pads are compatible. If they are too big or too small, they are not acceptable.
C. Understand that the eyes are fixed in the correct position of the toy, and any mistake in height or distance between eyes is not acceptable;
D. The best strength of the eye stapling machine should be adjusted when fixing the eyes, and the eyes should not be cracked or loosened;
E. Any eyewear must be able to withstand a tension of 21LBS
4.> Packaging inspection
A. Check whether the label of the outer carton is correct, whether there is wrong printing or missing printing, and whether there is useless wrong outer carton. Whether the printing on the outer box is in conformity with the requirements, oil stains or blurring is not acceptable;
B. Check whether the tag of the toy is complete and used incorrectly;
C. Check whether the playing method and position of the toy tag are wrong;
D. any serious or minor defects found in the stuffed toys must be identified to ensure that they are not defective.
According to Japanese media, countries around the world have become more dependent on China for importing medical protective equipment. China’s share of imports of personal protective equipment rose from less than 60 per cent in January to more than 80 per cent. Ninety-six percent of the medical masks used in Japan are imported from China.
According to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun on August 24, the United Nations trade statistics for May showed a surge in global trade in the four types of protective clothing (masks, gowns, protective suits and goggles) that health workers need to wear to prevent infection. As novel Coronavirus infection increases, the need for personal protective equipment increases. Freight rates have also risen because of the switch to air transport. Countries have become more dependent on China for personal protective equipment imports, with the share of Chinese products rising from an average of 59 per cent in January to 83 per cent in May.
Global trade in medical masks used by doctors and nurses rose nearly tenfold to $9.2 billion in May from about $900 million in January, the report said. Chinese products accounted for 96 percent of Japan’s medical masks imports in May, up 16 percentage points from January. Chinese products accounted for 92 percent and 93 percent of the medical masks imported by the United States and the European Union in May, up 20 and 45 percentage points respectively.
The Nihon Keizai Shimbun attributed the increased reliance on China to surging demand, while China, the first country to contain the outbreak, expanded exports of protective equipment. Developed countries have increased imports from China while reducing exports to ensure supplies of personal protective equipment. The U.S. government began restricting exports of personal protective equipment, such as surgical masks, in April, and made Chinese-made personal protective equipment a special case to support imports without additional tariffs.
First, the size: toothbrushes are generally divided into three types, infants, children and adults. The toothbrush full length, matte surface length, matte surface width, bristle height, monofilament diameter, and number of hair bundle rows were measured separately.
Second, the appearance quality of the toothbrush: including the top of the bristles should be rounded, the bristles should be smooth and uniform, the handle of the brush is good, the handle has a non-slip veneer and fulcrum, the packaging is qualified, and there is a trademark logo.
Third, the inspection method
Can use 0-150mm electronic digital calipers to measure related items, 20 samples are required, and the average value is taken. Using the bristles fixed extraction method, using a stereo microscope and camera display system, observe the shape of the end of the bristles by 40 times, and detect 20 support.
Fourth, evaluation of results
All specifications of the toothbrush should meet the standards in the table below (except for special-shaped toothbrushes and electric toothbrushes), and the pass rate of rounding of the ends of the bristles should not be less than 70%.
The second meeting of the Emergency Committee convened by the WHO Director-General under the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 in the People’s Republic of China, with exportations to other countries, took place on Thursday, 30 January 2020, from 13:30 to 18:35 Geneva time (CEST). The Committee’s role is to give advice to the Director-General, who makes the final decision on the determination of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The Committee also provides public health advice or suggests formal Temporary Recommendations as appropriate.
See below some main comments/conclusion from the WHO meeting.
The Committee does not recommend any travel or trade restriction based on the current information available.At present, the Chinese government is taking the most powerful measures，and everything is under control. Life is normal in most other parts of China by far, with only a few cities like Wuhan affected. I believe it will all return to normal soon.
Below Are WHO’s Suggestions To the People’s Republic of China.
Continue to:
Implement a comprehensive risk communication strategy to regularly inform the population on the evolution of the outbreak, the prevention and protection measures for the population, and the response measures taken for its containment.
Enhance public health measures for containment of the current outbreak.
Ensure the resilience of the health system and protect the health workforce.
Enhance surveillance and active case finding across China.
Collaborate with WHO and partners to conduct investigations to understand the epidemiology and the evolution of this outbreak and measures to contain it.
Share relevant data on human cases.
Continue to identify the zoonotic source of the outbreak, and particularly the potential for circulation with WHO as soon as it becomes available.
Conduct exit screening at international airports and ports, with the aim of early detection of symptomatic travelers for further evaluation and treatment, while minimizing interference with international traffic.
The theory of international trade liberalization. According to the actual situation today, the comparative advantage of developing countries is labor, so they should produce labor-intensive products (such as clothing) in exchange for capital-intensive products (such as machine tools); in contrast to developed countries, their comparative advantage is Capital and technology, so capital-intensive products (such as cars) should be produced in exchange for labor-intensive products (such as food). Through this division of labor, countries can achieve the optimal allocation of resources, thereby maximizing economic benefits. Of course, because obstacles between countries cannot be completely eliminated (such as the free movement of labor), and national security considerations (such as the need for a certain degree of self-sufficiency in food production), it is impossible to achieve a complete international division of labor, so in reality In an incomplete division of labor. The problem is that this incomplete division of labor should eliminate obstacles to the greatest extent and achieve free trade as much as possible.
Compared with the incomplete division of labor, the more important problem is that countries tend to adopt protectionist measures, including setting import tariffs and import quotas, as well as technical, safe, sanitary and other restrictions. At the same time, many measures have been taken to encourage exports and restrict imports, such as subsidizing export companies, providing low-interest loans to foreign companies buying domestic exports, and dumping. What these measures and policies have in common is to restrict imports and encourage exports, with the result that they distort commodity prices, reduce (or improperly expand) trade volumes, reduce efficiency, and reduce returns. Most protectionist measures restrict imports and encourage exports, which is a reflection of mercantilist thinking and a lack of security. Mercantilism advocates the idea that international trade is over, and importing precious metals is a kind of zero-sum game. They have not seen the side of international division of labor and equal trade that can promote economic growth, that is, they do not know that free trade can increase wealth.
Many people do not understand that the original intention of countries to adopt trade protection measures is to protect their own interests, but the original intention cannot be achieved as a result, often contrary to expectations. First, restricting the import of foreign goods does not necessarily promote domestic exports. Because it is the lack of competitiveness of domestic products that leads to unsound exports and even deficits. Taxing foreign products does not improve the competitiveness of domestic products. Second, the taxation of foreign goods is likely to cause countermeasures by the target countries, that is, retaliation, which will increase the price of domestic exports and reduce the number of exports. Third, the implementation of protection measures is to give domestic enterprises the opportunity to increase exports, but domestic companies do not necessarily act in accordance with the government’s intentions, and it is likely to take advantage of protection measures. On the one hand, it pushes up the price of domestic goods, increases the burden on consumers, and reduces domestic welfare; on the other hand, companies are prone to rely on ideas and even lobby the government, thereby further deteriorating the market environment.
The speed of international trade growth and the degree of opening up can also be observed through trade dependence. According to the historical experience of the economic development of various countries, with the development of the economy, the degree of opening up of a country has gradually expanded, including international trade, international investment, and personnel exchanges. A rough measure of the degree of opening to the outside world is the ratio of total import and export trade to GDP, which is often referred to as trade dependence. You can also use export dependence (the ratio of total exports to GDP) and import dependence (the total of imports and GDP ratio).
The Dilemma of Global Trade Liberalization
Political Economy of International Trade. The issue of international trade has been one of the important fields of economics research since the theory of comparative advantage was proposed by classical economists. After the expansion and development of modern and modern scholars, a very complete theoretical system has been formed. For example, in international trade, countries produce according to their own comparative advantages, and then exchange with other countries, so that all countries can improve their welfare. This has been recognized by academics as a classic, and some people have won the Nobel Prize in Economics. However, these theories have an important foundation, that is, free trade, that is, all international trade theories are developed under the assumption of free trade. However, in reality, there is almost no free trade. Only a few countries and regions are close to free trade, such as Singapore and Hong Kong, where import tariffs are close to zero. In other words, most countries and regions intervene in international trade to some extent, and as long as the intervention inevitably distort commodity prices, thereby undermining the principle of fair trade. For example, the import tariffs reflected in the Sino-U.S. Trade friction are the most typical protectionist means. Compared with other protection means, its features are clear and easy to calculate. For example, if a 25% import tariff is levied, the original US $ 100 product will become US $ 125, and consumers in the importing country will reduce their purchases, and exports from the exporting country will be blocked.
Since free trade is the best and it can maximize the benefits to participating countries, why should countries impose restrictions? This requires an explanation from the perspective of both producers and consumers. Consumers will benefit from free trade, while domestic producers may go bankrupt due to the impact of imported goods. This leads to a paradox: if international division of labor is based on comparative advantage, countries can only produce goods with comparative advantage, and import goods without comparative advantage. However, as a result of this division of labor, two phenomena will occur: one is that according to the principle of increasing costs, countries cannot achieve complete division of labor, so there must be some sectors that do not have comparative advantages; and the other is that even if complete division of labor can be achieved, countries Will become countries that rely heavily on other countries. Because no country can have a comparative advantage in all areas, this is unacceptable to many countries, especially large countries. Since each country needs an industry that does not have a comparative advantage, it can only achieve its existence and development through protection. This is the theoretical basis of protectionism. It also has a reasonable side. It protects domestic producers while protecting consumers. . Because if the division of labor is completely based on comparative advantage, many industries and enterprises will go out of business, and workers will lose their jobs. Without income, workers will not be able to talk about consumption, and imports will not increase.
Having said that, protectionism is prone to flood under various pretexts, which is obviously not good for the world economy or for the domestic economy. Because excessive protectionism not only hurts most consumers, it is also unfair. Many protected sectors and industries may not be really needed because of their strong political power. This point exists to varying degrees in both developing and developed countries, that is, to implement unreasonable policies under the guise of reasonableness, which is also contrary to WTO principles. Extremely speaking, all protectionist policies are based on politics, not economics. The basic logic of political science is the principle of mechanics in physics, and whoever has the power has the final say. Economics is based on the principle of fairness and opposes monopoly. This is the same regardless of the political system of each country. Politicians and governments consider political stability and the support of voters. Therefore, international trade in reality is far away from economics, and more political science is playing a role. Another important aspect of political science is the game, which is particularly prominent in international trade, from GATT to WTO, to bilateral negotiations and changeable negotiations between countries. China’s long-term negotiations to join the WTO, its commitments to join the WTO, and the various trade disputes it encounters afterwards are all a process of gaming.
The world is dividing. The level of economic development of countries in the world today is uneven, and there are many problems. Many problems cannot be solved through trade liberalization. Some problems are internal to the country and some have a long history. For example, in the poorest and most backward regions in the world, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia lack basic conditions for economic development and cannot be resolved for a long time. Either there is political chaos, you fight for it, or there is a lack of resources and no economic foundation, or it is damaged by war and the trauma is difficult to repair.
However, it has to be acknowledged that the trend of economic globalization and trade liberalization has brought about further differentiation. Some countries have benefited greatly from this, and some have been left behind to keep up with the times. We can find that the economic development of countries in the world has been very different over the past few decades. Some countries have achieved rapid development and entered the ranks of middle-income countries (such as China). Or follow the traditional development trajectory, or fail to make breakthroughs due to policy errors (such as India); some countries have a poor foundation, and for other reasons, have been underdeveloped for a long time (such as most countries in sub-Saharan Africa ). Although the division of these countries cannot be attributed to trade liberalization, some of the problems are indeed related to them. Generally, developing countries export primary products and import industrial manufactured products. Compared with industrial products, the prices of primary products are lower and they are prone to fluctuations. Without a certain degree of restrictions, it is difficult for developing countries to pass international Trade achieves economic development.
